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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.the-inncrowd.com/mypaternalgramma02.htm"&gt;The InnCrowd&lt;/a&gt; (through Pinterest - &lt;a href="https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/3870349655388656/"&gt;https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/3870349655388656/&lt;/a&gt;)</text>
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                <text>Christian imagery, especially the theatrically bloody martyrdoms that hang in Mexican churches, pervades Frida's iconography. Her house in Coyoacan displays a particularly gruesome Road to Calvary, in which the overemphasis on Christ's wounds seizes the spectator on the most primitive physical level. This bloodiness and self-mortification hark back to preconquest times, when the Aztecs tore out human hearts and punctured their own skins to ensure life's continuance. But it was Spanish Catholicism that brought to Mexico the depiction of pain in veristic and human terms, creating images so real and so frightening that the Indians could not help but be awestruck and, of course, converted. Borrowing the rhetoric of Catholicism, Frida used the same combination of pain and realism to attract devotees to her cause.&#13;
&#13;
In another 1940 Self Portrait, Dedicated to Dr Eloesser Frida's necklace of thorns is just a single strand, but it draws even more blood. In the background, leafless broken-off twigs profiled against an opalescent sky look like the dead twigs woven into Frida's necklace in the self-portrait with the hummingbird. No doubt the dry white buds that mingle with the twigs (and that droop from Frida's headdress as well) likewise refer to her desolation. Although Frida has flowers in her hair and wears the earrings in the shape of hands that Picasso gave her when she was in Paris, she looks like someone dressed for a ball for which she has no escort.&#13;
&#13;
Frida's work from the year in which she and Diego Rivera were separated demonstrates a heightened awareness of color's capacity to drive home emotional truths. As a self-taught artist, she began with a highly personal and unorthodox feeling for color. Her palette came out of her love for the startling combinations of bougainvillea pinks, purples, and yellows seen in the decorative arts of Mexico. She chose colors the way she chose her clothes - with exquisite aesthetic calculation. In such early works as Henry Ford Hospital, pastels create an ironic disjunction with the painful subject matter. In later paintings the choice of colors is just as odd and often even more dissonant and complex. The soft, pearly sky and the bright flowers in the Eloesser Self-Portrait, for example, only accentuate the chill of Frida's predicament. Their richness recalls the way statues of the scourged Christ in Mexican churches are often surrounded by flowers, lace, velvet, and gold. </text>
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                <text>Lifelike-and nearly life-size-statues such as this arresting Saint Sebastian were prevalent in churches in Renaissance Italy. It is carved in inexpensive wood, which was more easily worked than marble or bronze, and allowed for an easy naturalism. The unknown sculptor was concerned with verisimilitude, carving small white teeth between gently parted lips, and accentuating the saint's realistic ribcage, as well as depicting subtly bluish veins with red blood dripping from wounds-all of which contribute to the statue's striking realism. The arms were separately carved and joined to the torso, and there are numerous joins of the wood on the back and rear thighs. The work was likely once attached to a column or fictive tree trunk, but has been fully finished in the round. Consistent with other known similar wooden statues of the saint, the now-filled holes that once held arrows are only present on the front of the work. The saint's crossed legs impart both a sense of reality, as well as one of nonchalance, in defiance of his would-be assassins.&#13;
&#13;
Because of his many wounds, Saint Sebastian was seen as an important intercessor for victims of the plague, and was certainly one of the most popular saints of the age. The AMAM possesses two other striking representations of the saint, Hendrick ter Brugghen's Saint Sebastian Tended by Irene of 1625 and Giovanni Boccati's altarpiece fragment showing Saint John the Baptist and Saint Sebastian of around 1460</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/14427"&gt;Allen Memorial Art Museum&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span&gt;R. T. Miller Jr. Fund and Mrs. F. F. Prentiss Fund&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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Overall (with base): 75 1/2 × 20 × 19 in. (191.8 × 50.8 × 48.3 cm)</text>
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                <text>This work-one of the most important Northern Baroque paintings in the United States-is a strikingly sensitive vision of physical suffering. The third-century Saint Sebastian, shot with arrows by his fellow guardsmen for having converted to Christianity, was tended by the Roman widow Irene and her maidservant; none of the arrows had pierced a vital organ and they were able to bring him back to health. Here, left for dead, with his now gray, bloodless arm tied by a leather strap to a tree, he slumps forward as the women, fully absorbed in their work, tenderly begin to nurse him.&#13;
&#13;
Saint Sebastian was invoked against the plague; one that struck Utrecht, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam in 1624 may have helped to occasion the present work. For the upright composition, Ter Brugghen was likely inspired by Caravaggio's Deposition, as well as by a lost work by his compatriot, Baburen. Ter Brugghen was the only one of the Utrecht Caravaggisti-Dutch artists from Utrecht active in Rome, influenced by the works of Italian artist Caravaggio- to live in Rome in the early years of the seventeenth century, during Caravaggio's activity there.&#13;
&#13;
In Oberlin's work, the three figures are tightly massed in a monumental pyramidal composition whose strong diagonals, shallow space, and scale heighten its emotive power. The richness of the painting's cool chiaroscuro-the play of light and shadow over its three figures-is contrasted with the orange glow of the setting sun over the distant, desolate landscape in the background, over which black birds fly.&#13;
&#13;
Pierre Rosenberg, former director of the Louvre, published the painting in 2006 in his book Only in America: One Hundred Paintings in American Museums Unmatched in European Collections. Having conducted a survey of curators and art historians, Oberlin's painting was found to be cited more often than any other as meeting that extremely high standard-and, as a result, it is the book's front cover image. The AMAM owes its purchase to the connoisseurship of the museum's former director Charles Parkhurst, who first saw the work at a dealer in New York in the spring of 1953. After discussion with Oberlin art professor Wolfgang Stechow, he agreed to move forward on the purchase. The dealer was then in touch with Samuel Kress, for whom it had been reserved, to gain his approval. The painting might equally have gone when it was earlier in the hands of another dealer to the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam or to the museum in Utrecht. The Rijksmuseum, however, did not have available dollar funds while the Utrecht museum did not act quickly enough, due in part to a misdirected letter.&#13;
&#13;
Ter Brugghen first studied with the artist Abraham Bloemaert before leaving the Netherlands for Italy. Upon his return to Utrecht he painted both religious and genre subjects, such as flute and lute players, and allegories, and was praised above all other Utrecht artists by the great painter Rubens on the latter's trip to that city in 1627.</text>
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                <text>Oil on canvas&#13;
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                <text>Drawing upon the European visual tradition of the idealized male nude St. Sebastian, Louise Bourgeois issued prints of her composition in several editions. Here she represents a voluptuous female form, without arms; arrows threaten to puncture her body between her breasts, at the back of her thigh and calves, at her navel, and between her legs. In several interviews, Bourgeois described the figure either as a self-portrait or a woman “under attack.” The figure, evidently unwittingly, “antagonized people,” who then shot at her, leaving her confused, anxious, fearful. This process transformed her, making her “ugly,” or “mean,” and then “self-destroying, self-mutilating, masochistic.” The arrows directed at the figure’s breasts and between her legs suggest that the essence of femininity is under attack. The antagonism, Bourgeois clarified, is “external, not internal,” though it sets in motion a self-destructive dynamic against which no easily identified protection lies at hand.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/13263"&gt;Allen Memorial Art Museum&lt;/a&gt;, Art Museum Gift Fund</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/38781"&gt;Allen Memorial Art Museum&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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